The next month, on May 3, when it was the Senate's turn to review the legislation, Raoul Dandurand, the Liberal government's leader in the Senate, told his colleagues, "There is only one addition to the schedule: Cannabis Indica Indian Hemp or hasheesh.
There are also several carbon copies, and to one of them was added, "Cannabis Indica Indian Hemp or hasheesh. It seems no one knows who added that phrase, or ordered it added. But both the House and the Senate agreed to the additions without any discussion. One reason that no one in Parliament asked about or challenged the addition of marijuana to the schedule may be because little was known about the drug in Canada at the time, and very few people were smoking it.
We could find no references to marijuana in either the Toronto Star or the Globe and Mail in And there were no police seizures of marijuana until Looking back, it may seem odd that a decision that has in one way or another seriously affected the lives of hundreds of thousands of Canadians took place without debate. There was also no debate in Parliament then about adding the better-known heroin and codeine to the schedule of proscribed drugs either.
Heroin is the brand name for a semi-synthetic compound derived from morphine, so authorities had probably considered it as a proscribed drug since the first schedule was passed in , which included "morphine, its salts and compounds. Proscribing codeine was more controversial, although after it was added doctors, druggists and the pharmaceutical industry successfully lobbied to have codeine decriminalized.
It was removed from the schedule in , though the U. A book, The Black Candle , by Emily Murphy, is frequently given as the explanation for the King government's move against marijuana. However, no evidence beyond coincidence has been put forward that the book, or Murphy, influenced the government's decision. The book is based on a series of articles Murphy, then a judge, wrote for Maclean's magazine in The series did not mention marijuana but her book has a seven-page chapter called, her spelling, "Marahuana -- a new menace.
Murphy starts out by noting "the drug is not really new" and "comparatively unknown in the United States and Canada. But, today, that is arguably the best-known chapter in the book, even though historians have not uncovered evidence that this chapter attracted much public attention in its early years.
With no parliamentary debate, no evidence of public debate or discussion, and no paper trail about why marijuana was criminalized in , it's understandable why people would later link the decision to The Black Candle. But Carstairs says it's probably just happenstance. In , the state's general assembly voted in favor of a bill that legalized medical marijuana.
Rhode Island's governor vetoed the bill, but the state assembly overrode the veto. In , the state's general assembly passed SB to amend its medical marijuana law to establish centers for medical marijuana to be distributed. Medical marijuana is legal in South Dakota, but the legal status of recreational marijuana is currently uncertain.
In , voters in the state passed both Initiated Measure 26 to legalize medical marijuana and Constitutional Amendment A to legalize recreational marijuana. The enactment of Constitutional Amendment A was blocked by a circuit court, and the circuit court's ruling has been appealed to the state's Supreme Court. Medical marijuana is legal in Utah. In , the state legislature passed HB to legalize medical marijuana. Both medical and recreational cannabis are legal in Vermont.
In , the state legislature passed SB 76, which legalized the use of medical marijuana for patients with specific serious illnesses.
Three years later, the legislature passed SB 7 to expand the use of medical marijuana for more conditions. In , the legislature passed H. Both medical and recreational cannabis are legal in Virginia.
In , Virginia's legislature enacted a comprehensive bill that legalized cannabidiol CBD and tetrahydrocannabinolic acid THCA oil for patients with epilepsy. One year later, that bill was expanded to include patients with any diagnosed condition or disease. In , the legislature fully legalized recreational marijuana by passing HB , but legal sales of recreational cannabis have not yet begun. The state is delaying the establishment of a commercial market in order to first create a comprehensive regulatory framework.
Possession of up to one ounce of marijuana is legal for adults ages 21 and older. Both medical and recreational marijuana are legal in the state of Washington. In , voters passed Initiative to legalize medical marijuana. In , the state legislature adopted SB , which allows authorized healthcare professionals other than physicians to recommend medical marijuana for patients.
In , Washington voters approved Initiative to legalize recreational marijuana. Medical marijuana is legal in West Virginia. In , the state legislature passed SB to legalize the medical use of the plant. Both medical and recreational marijuana use remain federally illegal, with the Controlled Substances Act of classifying cannabis as a Schedule I drug. Despite this classification, which is reserved for substances with no accepted medical use and a high potential for abuse, the medicinal benefits of marijuana are hard to dispute.
More states are likely to legalize medical and recreational marijuana in the coming years. As public support keeps increasing, and the number of marijuana stocks are rapidly proliferating, more states are being enticed by the potential for significant tax revenues from cannabis sales. Efforts are also underway in the U. Congress to enact major cannabis reform at the federal level. Many cannabis proponents believe that it is only a matter of time before marijuana becomes legal, or at least decriminalized, nationwide.
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Some aspects of the bill do not take effect immediately, but those 21 years old and higher will be able to recreationally use cannabis starting July 1, On April 7, , Virginia's legislature accepted the governor's recommended amendments for a significantly speedier implementation window for HB which would legalize recreational cannabis use in Virginia and establish a regulated commercial market.
New York legalized cannabis with the governor's signature of AB , which was passed during New York's session. Additionally, on March 30, , New Mexico's legislature introduced its Cannabis Regulation Act within their first special session.
The bill, HB 2a, has been signed by the Governor. Quickly after the amendment passed, it was challenged in court. On Feb. The map below summarizes cannabis policy throughout the states as of June Colorado and Wa shington approved adult-use recreational marijuana measures in Alaska , Oregon and District of Columbia followed suit in fall of In , Ohio voters defeated a ballot measure that addressed commercial production and sale of recreational marijuana.
On Nov. In , Vermont became the first state to legalize marijuana for adult use through the legislative process rather than a ballot initiative.
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