Open the full-text source and look for the DOI on the article's first page, usually in the header or footer. View the full citation to see if a DOI is included. The publisher Elsevier, for example, appears to have started using DOIs on all of their journal articles around So unless a publisher has retrospectively assigned DOIs to articles, articles published prior to are less likely to have DOIs.
So, if you have tried all the suggestions above, but you still cannot find the DOI, it may be that your article does not have one. Writing Center Visit the Writing Center Get help at any stage of the writing process -- from finding a topic to revising a draft. For example:. The first place to look for a DOI is the article itself. Many publishers will include the DOI somewhere on the first page of the article.
Here are a few examples:. Journal of Social Issues, Vol. DOI: Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Library databases include information about an article. If an article has a DOI, you may find it listed in the information about the article. Different databases call these article information sections different things. You can look for a DOI using the Crossref website. Crossref is one of the organizations that assigns DOIs, with a focus on research articles.
If Crossref doesn't have a DOI for an article, you can safely assume that the article doesn't have one. Note: The actual DOI begins with Searches in Crossref always bring back results, even if the article you are looking for isn't there.
If you don't see your article in the first page of results, here are a few things to try. If you still don't find the article you are looking for in Crossref, you can safely assume that it does not have a DOI. Enter a D. What is a DOI? A Digital Object Identifier DOI is assigned to electronic journal articles and selected other online content to specifically and permanently identify and access that article.
Most of the standard academic citation formats now require the inclusion of DOIs within a citation when available. Most library databases list a DOI with the record for recent academic journal articles.
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